Marcus Garvey (1887–1940) was a Jamaican leader who organized the first major black nationalist movement in America. In Jamaica, Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and in 1916 he traveled to the United States to establish UNIA branches in Harlem and other urban centers. Garvey promoted black pride and self-sufficiency, but some of his ideas, such as self-segregation, were vehemently opposed by other black leaders, including W.E.B. Du Bois of the NAACP. Garvey established the Negro Factories Corporation and...

Harlem is a New York City neighborhood in upper Manhattan. After World War I, the neighborhood grew into a center of African American art, literature, and culture, a movement known as the “Harlem Renaissance.”

In February 1901, the Virginia General Assembly authorized a constitutional convention to draft election reforms. The convention,...