The WPA: Antidote to the Great Depression?
Nick Taylor, the author of this article, recently published
an extraordinarily good book on the WPA. It’s now
available in paperback as well:
American-Made, The Enduring Legacy of the WPA: When
FDR Put the Nation to Work. New York: Random House,
2008.
The publisher has also provided a first rate Website
for on the book. It’s a goldmine for anyone teaching
the book or its subject:
http://www.randomhouse.com/bantamdell/wpa/index.php
You’ll find PDF’s of the New Deal timeline
included in Taylor’s book as well as the complete
bibliography of sources he employed:
http://www.randomhouse.com/bantamdell/wpa/resources.html
Of special classroom interest, this interactive timeline
of the WPA, with links to sources for highlighted topics.
My hat’s off to Random House on this one:
http://www.randomhouse.com/bantamdell/wpa/timeline.html
This remains the best history of the Civilian Conservation
Corps:
Salmond, John A. The Civilian Conservation Corps,
1933-1942; a New Deal case study. Durham, N.C.,
Duke University Press, 1967.
For Harold Ickes and the PWA:
Clarke, Jeanne Nienaber. Roosevelt's Warrior: Harold
L. Ickes and the New Deal. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, c1996.
Ickes, Harold L. Back to Work; the Story of PWA.
New York, Da Capo Press, 1973 Reprint of Ickes 1937
book.
Harry Hopkins, administrator of the WPA, is the subject
of several studies:
Charles, Searle F. Minister of Relief: Harry Hopkins
and the Depression. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University
Press, 1963.
Hopkins, June. Harry Hopkins: Sudden Hero, Brash
Reformer. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.
McJimsey, George. Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor
and Defender of Democracy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1987.
Sherwood, Robert E. Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate
History. New York: Harper and Row, 1948.
Watkins, T. H. Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and
Times of Harold L. Ickes, 1873–1952. New
York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990.
Even though most WPA employees were involved in working
on roads and sewers and other elements of the nation’s
infrastructure, it’s hard to find histories of
their contributions. Here’s a rare exception:
Bednarek, Janet R. Daly. America's Airports: Airfield
Development, 1918-1947. College Station: Texas
A&M University Press, c2001.
This is one of the few books where you can find details
on the Women’s and Professional Project’s
division:
Noun, Louise R. Iowa Women in the WPA. Ames:
Iowa State University Press, 1999.
On the other hand, you’ll find a wealth of books
on WPA projects for artists and writers. Here are some
general studies:
Findlay, James A., and Margaret Bing. The WPA:
an exhibition of Works Progress Administration (WPA)
literature and art from the collections of the Bienes
Center for the Literary Arts. Fort Lauderdale,
FL., 1998.
McDonald, William Francis. Federal relief administration
and the arts; the origins and administrative history
of the arts projects of the Works Progress Administration
. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1969.
These focus on specific programs:
Federal Writers Project. Don’t
forget to find a copy of the American Guide series volume
for your state – they’re absolutely fascinating.
For books on various writers’ projects, see:
Baker, Ronald L. Homeless, Friendless, and Penniless:
The WPA Interviews with Former Slaves living in Indiana.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c2000.
Bold, Christine. Writers, Plumbers, and Anarchists:
The WPA Writers' Project in Massachusetts. Amherst:
University of Massachusetts Press, c2006.
Federal Art Project:
Beckham, Sue Bridwell. Depression Post Office Murals
and Southern Culture: A Gentle Reconstruction.
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, c1989.
Contreras, Belisario R. Tradition and Innovation
in New Deal. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press
; London: Associated University Presses, c1983.
DeNoon, Christopher. Posters of the WPA. Los
Angeles: Wheatley Press, in association with the University
of Washington Press, Seattle, c1987.
Park, Marlene, and Gerald E. Markowitz. Democratic
Vistas: Post Offices and Public Art in the New Deal.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, c1984.
Federal Theatre Project:
Anderegg, Michael A. Orson Welles, Shakespeare,
and Popular Culture. New York: Columbia University
Press, c1999.
Brady, Frank. Citizen Welles: A Biography of Orson
Welles. New York: Scribner, c1989.
Bentley, Joanne. Hallie Flanagan: A Life in the
American Theatre. New York: Knopf: Distributed
by Random House, 1988. The life of the remarkable woman
who was director of the Federal Theatre Project.
Flanagan, Hallie. Arena: The History of the Federal
Theatre. New York: Blom, 1965. Reprint of Flanagan’s
1940 book.
Fraden, Rena. Blueprints for a Black federal theatre,
1935-1939. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University
Press, 1994.
Houseman, John. Front and Center. New York:
Simon and Schuster, c1979.
Quinn, Susan. Furious Improvisation: How the WPA
and a Cast of Thousands made High Art Out of Desperate
Times. New York: Walker & Co., 2008.
Sporn, Paul. Against Itself: The Federal Theater
and Writers' Projects in the Midwest. Detroit:
Wayne State University Press, c1995.
Although it isn’t mentioned in Mr. Taylor’s
essay, I can’t resist pointing to this book, which
studies a little known scholarly endeavor of the WPA:
Fagette, Paul. Digging for Dollars: American Archaeology
and the New Deal. Albuquerque: University of New
Mexico, c1996.
You’ll find wonderful materials on the Internet.
You’ll thoroughly enjoy the “New Deal Art
During the Great Depression.” Don't be put off
by the “dot com” in this url, it’s
incredibly useful and doesn’t try to sell you
anything. You can locate images of. You can locate images
of WPA art works, murals, friezes, etc., all over the
country, state by state:
http://www.wpamurals.com
It also includes link to
“THE NEW DEAL ART PROJECT” at Syracuse
University’s School of Education. The lesson plans
here are currently “under revision,” but
I think it will be worthwhile to check back for updates:
http://lsb.syr.edu/projects/wpafolder/wpalinks.html
.
You’ll spend a lot of time exploring what our
friends at American Memory have provided. You can start
with By the People, For the People: Posters from
the WPA, 1936-1943. Includes posters for WPA programs
like the Federal Music Project:
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaposters/wpahome.html
The New Deal Stage: Selections from the Federal Theatre
Project should be another target:
memory.loc.gov/ammem/fedtp/fthome.html
And related Collection Connections, of course:
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/collections/poster/history.html
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/fedtp/fthome.html
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/collections/stage/history.html
Check the website’s section on Slave Narratives
from Federal Writers Project:
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html
And the “American Life Histories” from
the same project:
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaintro/wpahome.html
The Bienes Center in Broward County, Florida, “Education
by Design” site provides good educational visual
aides from the collection. Right now, the star is the
online exhibition for WPA’s Museum Extension Project,
part of Women’s and Professional Projects:
http://digital.browardlibrary.org/wpa/
index.php?option=content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=39
The same site provides a good selection of Internet
resources on WPA:
http://digital.browardlibrary.org/wpa/index.php?
option=content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=28
If you’re in California, keep an eye on Berkeley’s
California’s Living New Deal Project. Still a
work in progress, it has much progress:
http://livingnewdeal.berkeley.edu