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Additional resources for this
issue of History Now
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Print Resources:
As usual, I’ll begin with works by the author of
the essay in this issue. Dr. Calloway’s bibliography is
long, and I’ll limit myself to the books that are especially
pertinent to the topic he’s discussed here. These are the
monographic studies:
The American Revolution in Indian Country. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Crown And Calumet: British-Indian Relations, 1783-1815.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, c1987.
New Worlds For All: Indians, Europeans, And The Remaking
Of Early America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1997. Very useful survey of scholarship in this area.
One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West Before Lewis
And Clark. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, c2003.
The Scratch Of A Pen: 1763 And The Transformation Of North
America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006.
And these are volumes of documents and essays edited by Dr. Calloway:
After King Philip's War: Presence And Persistence In Indian
New England. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College published by
University Press of New England, c1997. Interesting group of scholarly
essays.
Dawnland Encounters: Indians And Europeans In Northern New
England. Hanover: University Press of New England, c1991.
While limited geographically, this is a very, very useful documentary
source.
First Peoples: A Documentary Survey Of American Indian History.
Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, c1999. Extraordinary use of verbal
documents, images, artifacts.
Reinterpreting New England Indians And The Colonial Experience.
Edited with Neal Salisbury. Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts,
2003. Scholarly essays.
The World Turned Upside Down: Indian Voices From Early America.
Boston: St. Martin's Press, c1994. Documents recording Native
American accounts of encounters with Europeans.
These general studies cover the history of Native American nations
in the Revolutionary era and the early national period:
Clayton, Andrew R. L., and and Fredrika J. Teute. Contact
Points: American Frontiers From The Mohawk Valley To The Mississippi,
1750-1830. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
c1998. Collection of essays by leading scholars in the field of
ethno history.
Dowd, Gregory Evans. A Spirited Resistance: The North American
Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1992.
Grenier, John. The First Way Of War: American War Making
On The Frontier, 1607- 1814. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2005.
Hurt, R. Douglas. The Indian Frontier, 1763-1846. Albuquerque:
University of New Mexico Press, c2002.
The last two decades have produced a healthy choice of books
on the Indian uprisings immediately after the close of the French
and Indian War:
Auth, Stephen F. The Ten Years' War: Indian-White relations
in Pennsylvania, 1755–1765. New York: Garland, 1989.
Barr, Daniel, ed. The Boundaries Between Us: Natives and
Newcomers along the Frontiers of the Old Northwest Territory,
1750–1850. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press,
2006. Useful not only for 1763-1765 but for relations on this
frontier through the Revolution and early national period.
Dixon, David. Never Come To Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising
And The Fate Of The British Empire In North America. Norman
: University of Oklahoma Press, c2005.
Dowd, Gregory Evans. War Under Heaven: Pontiac, The Indian
Nations & The British Empire. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2002.
McConnell, Michael N. Army and Empire: British Soldiers on
the American Frontier, 1758–1775. Lincoln: University
of Nebraska Press, 2004.
Nester, William R. "Haughty Conquerors" : Amherst
And The Great Indian Uprising Of 1763. Westport, Conn.: Praeger,
2000.
Ward, Matthew C. Breaking the Backcountry: The Seven Years' War
in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1754–1765. University of Pittsburgh
Press, 2003.
These books will provide additional background for discussing
the Indians of the Southern States during the Revolution:
Alderman, Pat. Dragging Canoe: Cherokee-Chickamauga War Chief.
(Johnson City: Overmountain Press, 1978)
Cashin, Edward J. William Bartram And The American Revolution
On The Southern Frontier. Columbia: University of South Carolina
Press, c2000.
Gordon, John W. South Carolina And The American Revolution:
A Battlefield History. Columbia: University of South Carolina
Press, c2003.
Hatley, M. Thomas. The Dividing Paths: Cherokees And South
Carolinians Through The Era Of Revolution. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1992.
O'Donnell, James H. Southern Indians In The American Revolution.
[Knoxville]: University of Tennessee Press [1973]
Piecuch, Jim. Three Peoples, One King: Loyalists, Indians,
And Slaves In The Revolutionary South, 1775-1782. Columbia:
University of South Carolina Press, c2008.
These are only a few of the books dealing with the history of
the Iroquois of New York during the Revolution and the Sullivan-Clinton
expedition of 1779:
Fischer, Joseph R. A Well-Executed Failure: The Sullivan
Campaign Against The Iroquois, July-September 1779. Columbia:
University of South Carolina Press, c1997.
Graymont, Barbara. The Iroquois in the American Revolution.
Syracuse, N.Y. Syracuse University Press, 1972.
Kelsey, Isabel T. Joseph Brant, 1743-1807: Man of Two Worlds.
Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1984.
Mann, Barbara Alice. George Washington's War on Native America.
Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2005. Revolutionary campaigns in New
York and the Ohio Valley.
Mintz, Max M. Seeds Of Empire: The American Revolutionary
Conquest Of The Iroquois. New York: New York University,
c1999.
O'Toole, Fintan. White Savage: William Johnson And The Invention
Of America. New York. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005. The
Iroquois and the British until the eve of the Revolution.
Paxton, James W. Joseph Brant And His World: Eighteenth-Century
Mohawk Warrior And Statesman. Toronto: J. Lorimer & Co.,
c2008.
Taylor, Alan. The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers And The
Northern Borderland Of The American Revolution. New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.
Whittemore, Charles Park. A General Of The Revolution, John
Sullivan Of New Hampshire. New York, Columbia University
Press, 1961.
Williams, Glenn F. Year Of The Hangman: George Washington's
Campaign Against The Iroquois. Yardley, Penn.: Westholme,
c2005.
These books provide good overviews of the Ohio Valley and its
native people in the late eighteenth century:
Barr, Daniel, ed. The Boundaries Between Us: Natives and Newcomers
Along the Frontiers of the Old Northwest Territory, 1750–1850.
Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2006.
Hinderaker, Eric. Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism
in the Ohio Valley, 1763–1800. Cambridge University
Press, 1997.
McConnell, Michael N. A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley
and Its Peoples, 1724–1774. Lincoln: University of
Nebraska Press, 1992.
Skaggs, David Curtis, and Larry L. Nelson, eds. The Sixty
Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754-1814 . East Lansing:
Michigan State Press, 2001. The Great Lakes basin extends south
into the old Northwest Territory and east into western New York,
and the essays in this collection provide invaluable insights
into the relations between Europeans and Americans and all of
the native peoples living in this vast expanse. Don’t overlook
Leonard Sadosky’s “Rethinking the Gnadenhutten Massacre:
The Contest for Power in the Public World of the Revolutionary
Pennsylvania Frontier,” p.187-214 .
For specific figures and events in the Ohio Valley in this period,
see:
Booth, Russell H. The Tuscarawas Valley in Indian Days: 1750-1797.
Cambridge, Ohio, 1994.
Olmstead, Earl P. Blackcoats among the Delaware: David Zeisberger
on the Ohio Frontier. Kent State University Press, 1991.
Nelson, Larry L. A Man of Distinction Among Them: Alexander
McKee and the Ohio Country Frontier, 1754–1799. Kent,
Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1999.
Schaaf, Gregory. Wampum Belts & Peace Trees: George Morgan,
Native Americans, and Revolutionary Diplomacy. Golden, Colo.:
Fulcrum Pub., c1990.
Weslager, C. A. The Delaware Indians; A History. New
Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press, 1972.
Moving on to the post-Revolutionary period, these volumes trace
the efforts government of the new republic and leaders of the
country’s indigenous peoples to live together:
Horsman, Reginald. Expansion and American Indian Policy,
1783-1812. East Lansing, Michigan State University Press,
1967.
Hoxie, Frederick E., Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert, eds.
Native Americans And The Early Republic. Charlottesville:
University Press of Virginia, 1999.
Very stimulating collection of essays (old and new) covering the
first two decades of the United States. You may be particularly
interested in Dr. Calloway’s contribution to the volume,
“The Continuing Revolution in Indian Country.”
Nichols, David Andrew. Red Gentlemen & White Savages:
Indians, Federalists, And The Search For Order On The American
Frontier. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press,
2008.
Prucha, Francis Paul. American Indian Policy In The Formative
Years: The Indian Trade And Intercourse Acts, 1780-1834.
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1962.
_____. American Indian Treaties: The History Of A Political
Anomaly. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1994.
Finally, these studies focus more closely on specific U.S. political
and military leaders who influenced the history of relations with
Indian nations in the early republic:
Brown, Meredith Mason. Frontiersman: Daniel Boone And The
Making Of America. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University
Press, c2008. Very good on Boone’s relations with Indian
tribes, at peace and war.
Gaff, Alan D. Bayonets In The Wilderness: Anthony Wayne's
Legion In The Old Northwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma
Press, c2004.
Nelson, Paul David. Anthony Wayne, Soldier Of The Early Republic.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c1985.
Lofaro, Michael A. Daniel Boone: An American Life. Lexington,
Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2003.
Sheehan, Bernard W. Seeds Of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy
And The American Indian. Chapel Hill, Published for the Institute
of Early American History and Culture at Williamsburg, Va., by
the University of North Carolina Press, 1973.
Sword, Wiley. President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle
For The Old Northwest, 1790-1795. Norman: University of Oklahoma
Press, c1985.
Wallace, Anthony F. C. Jefferson And The Indians: The Tragic
Fate Of The First Americans . Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press
of Harvard University Press, 1999.
Internet Resources
Sometimes Wikipedia must be used with extreme caution, but the
entries dealing with American Indian nations and their leaders
in the eighteenth century are exceptionally good. Here are just
a few of the topics you’ll want to explore there: Cherokees,
Chickamauga Wars ,Cornstalk, Battle of Blue Licks, Gnadenhutten
Massacre, Pontiac’s Rebellion, Shingas, Sullivan Expedition,
Treaty of Fort Pitt, White Eyes. Go to the search screen at:
www.wikipedia.org/
Remember that native people in the northern colonies and states
did not observe the U.S.-Canadian boundary with much rigor, and
many chiefs who allied themselves with the British fled to Canada
as Loyalists after the Revolution. The Dictionary of Canadian
Biography Online is invaluable for biographical information on
these Indian and British commanders such as Guyashota and Henry
Hamilton:
http://www.biographi.ca
Similarly, the online Canadian Encyclopedia has useful entries
on the Indian nations like the Senecas and Mohawks who went north
as Loyalists individual leaders such as Joseph Brant:
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/
Archiving Early America’s Website, earlyamerica.com, has
good original documents and essays in the online Early America
Review. These are just a sample:
Adamiak, Stanley, “The 1779 Sullivan Campaign.”
http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/1998/sullivan.html
Sharp, Samuel, “A Skirmish in the Old Northwest: The Battle
of Fallen Timbers”
http//www.earlyamerica.com/review/2009_winter_spring/redefining-fallen-timbers.html
Drew, Paul R. “Sir William Johnson, Indian Superintendent:
Colonial Development and Expansionism”
http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/fall96/johnson.html
Marshall, George L., Jr. “Chief Joseph Brant.”
http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/1998/brant.html
You’ll find an abundance of materials on the Web for the
Sullivan-Clinton Expedition.
You may want to start with the full text of the official Journals
of the Expedition:
http://www.usgwarchives.org/pa/1pa/1picts/sullivan/sitetoc.html
Then go to Robert Spiegelman’s Sullivan/Clinton website:
http://sullivanclinton.com/
Browse through this one carefully – there’s a lot
to see. You’ll probably want to focus your attention on
the The “Education” section, of course, gives advice
on classroom study of the expedition, and the site itself provides
maps and document and Spiegelman provides excellent links (most
of which seem to work, saints be praised) to other Internet materials:
http://sullivanclinton.com/education/#sixnations
The Army Historical Foundation has a good basic essay on the
Battle of Fallen Timbers:
http://www.armyhistory.org/ahf2.aspx?pgID=877&id=94&exCompID=56
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