The Civil Rights Movement: Major Events and Legacies
by James T. Patterson
Read an overview of the landmark moments of the Civil Rights Movement in the twentieth century.
“Hidden Practices”: Frederick Douglass on Segregation and Black Achievement, 1887
by Edward L. Ayers
Analyze a letter written by Frederick Douglass describing his feelings on Black progress.
A Place in History: Historical Perspective on Martin Luther King Jr. Day
by James Oliver Horton
Read about the historical context for the formation of the modern civil rights movement and leadership.
The First Age of Reform
by Ronald G. Walters
Learn more about the debates related to colonization in the context of other antebellum reform movements.
Different Perspectives on the Civil Rights Movement
by Anthony J. Badger
Read about the different ways historians have challenged the dominant narrative of the Civil Rights movement since the 1960s.
James Forten, Sailmaker
by Julie Winch
Read about James Forten, an African American craftsman and businessman in nineteenth-century Philadelphia who employed an integrated workforce.
Mary McLeod Bethune’s Impact
with Noliwe Rooks
Learn about Mary McLeod Bethune’s life, her involvement in politics and civil rights, and her work’s lasting impact.
Ayuba bin Suleiman Diallo to His Father
ca. 1733
Read a translation of the letter that helped to secure Diallo’s freedom from enslavement.
The Black Arts Movement
by Yasmine Espert
Explore the origins, evolution, and key players and works of the Black Arts Movement.
Slavery and Freedom in Brazil
by Keila Grinberg
Explore the pervasive impact of slavery in Brazil, and the long fight to abolish the system of enslavement.
“M. L. King Meets Nixon in Ghana”
1957
Read this piece from the Pittsburgh Courier that connects the Black Freedom struggles in Ghana and the US.
“Mother Hale’s Garden”
by Shinique Smith
Explore the life and career of an activist and community organizer through this work of public art.
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