Tommie Smith and John Carlos during XIX Summer Olympics
1968
View a key example of sports as a platform for the Black freedom struggle.
“Kathleen Cleaver on Natural Hair”
1968
Learn more about this element of Afrocentric aesthetics and the embrace of “Black is Beautiful.”
Marcus Garvey in Harlem
1924
View another photograph of Garvey and an entourage, as captured by James Van Der Zee.
“Nonviolence and Racial Justice”
1957
Explore Martin Luther King’s philosophy toward nonviolent resistance.
Why We Can’t Wait
1964
Read an excerpt from Martin Luther King’s 1964 book, focused on segregation in Birmingham prior to SCLC’s campaign there.
“Heritage” by Gwendolyn Bennett
1923
Explore Gwendolyn Bennett’s vision of Africa in this poem.
“Little Rock”
1958
Read this poem written by Afro-Cuban poet Nicolás Guillén after the Little Rock Crisis.
“Boycott Cripples City Schools”
1964
Read an article about a student protest led by 360,000 Black and Puerto Rican students in New York City.
“Discourse on Colonialism”
1972
Read the preamble to Aimé Césaire’s treatise, a foundational document of the Négritude movement.
“Culture Zone; Black to the Future”
by Walter Mosley
Read this column on the history of, and potential for, Afrofuturism and Black writers in science fiction.
The Black Panther Party’s Ten-Point Program
1966
Read the Black Panther Party’s guiding manifesto.
“Negro Es Bello II”
1969
View an example of art from the Black Arts movement by Elizabeth Catlett.
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